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These are objects and ideas, romanticizes and personified to add flavor to the poem. Simile: “… Pile worth that shone like stars of gold in the sun,” Similes use the words like or as to make a comparison between two things. In the “Grassers Journals” of Dorothy Wordsmith, the highlighted relationship is between the pilewort flowers and golden stars. She says that the patch of yellow blossoms shines in the sunlight beside the road like the stars shine in the sky at night. They arouse wonder and joy in those who look upon them.

Metaphor: “l know the sound the wind made When through the boughs it was flying: Let no one tell me I’m lying, There is no song as well played. ” A metaphor is a comparison made without using the words like or as. In this example from the Cuban Poet Joss Marts “Simple Verses,” the comparison is between the sound of the wind and a song. He is saying that the wind in the trees reminds him of a beautiful song; the most beautiful. Nature is the pioneer musician, creating and inspiring ourselves.

The Native American creation myths, which will be examined throughout the remainder of this paper encompass, “The W RL on the Turtles Back,” by the Iroquois, and “The Ancient One,” by Breakwater. These two very well an own myths when analyzed present both immensely different and drastically similar views on the e world. This includes their opposing views on handed down social standards and the same belief in spiritual awareness. Generally speaking, when it came to Native American society, social stands reds were highly regarded.

The understanding of how to conduct oneself and how to pass that knowledge down was all provided within their creation myths. Nevertheless, when these myths were c marred to one another it became apparent that different cultures provided their own opinions on what was acceptable and unacceptable. For example, in the myth “The World on the Turtles Back” a tale of hatred and creation took place between two “twins”. In the story an altercation arose, ultimately in flouncing Iroquois society to focus strictly on the restoration of broken values.

This is seen in the statement, “As the brothers contested in duels, day after day, an inhumane passion to destroy o nee another suffused their empowered minds. In the end leaving only one to return” (Iroquois Peg. 30). In co entrant, the myth known as “The Ancient One” discussed the importance of keeping social values to a mini mum significance, thereby allowing the people of their culture to focus on their life journey and not stress passing down traditional standards. The author, Breakwater, believes that “The ways taught to you by your Elders, and your Mothers and Fathers, and Teachers, and Books and Ancestor s are sacred.

But almost all of them no longer walk on the Face of the Earth Mother. You have forgotten your own Vision and your own path. Now each of you must pray, so you can follow the way of the heart” (Breakwater). The context within these two creation myths provide a clear distinction on their o pinion of the importance of social standards. In “The World on the Turtles Back” the Iroquois believed s tryingly in following solid social standards, while in “The Ancient One” a more content message WA s portrayed which encouraged people to not follow established social standards and keep to on self.

It is important to realize the differences between “The World on the Turtles Back’ and “The Ancient One”, yet Native American creation myths have never ceased to surprise their audiences with the interesting connections one can make between them. Though the myths may differ in details such as style, tone, and mood, when their context is deeply analyzed it allows one esp. civic similarity to show: spiritual awareness. Practically all Native American creation myths were base d on the discovery of higher truths and the true nature of reality (spirits within animals/ other living things).

For instance, in The World on the Turtles Back’ the Iroquois state that ‘ ‘The divine spirits of the e creatures of the sea came to the woman. They told her they would help her, and asked her what t hey could do. She told them to find some soil for the roots stuck between her fingers, and from the m life could grow’ (Iroquois). Likewise, in “The Ancient Eng’ Breakwater states “The Ancient One asked Animal, and Bird, and Insect, and Tree, and Flower, and Sky, and Moon, and Sun, and Stars , and all Of the other Spirits to awaken their senses towards the world” (Breakwater).

From these ex erupts one may conclude that both myths used the help of spirits and the personification of nonliving o objects to present their story, in the end delivering a unique message by drawing out one’s spiritual a wariness. The Native American creation myths analyzed in the information above pre sent opposing views on handed down social standards and the same belief in spiritual awareness. Thro cough reading these myths I have come to realize that the Native American people were interesting to as y the least, each culture gave their own interpretation of how the world came to be and how to contra ate to their own societies.

As always, individual opinions on customs and guidance took place in the end creating a truly beautiful and diverse source of information to investigate. I thoroughly enjoyed anally Eng the Native American creation myths “The World on the Turtles Back” and “The Ancient One”. Both myths had their fare share of differences and a surprising amount similarities, that of which made me realize that all Native American creations myths were not so different. In the end, as long as one WA s able to learn, the myths had done their job.

All papers must be written in clear prose, including complete sentences with correct spelling and punctuation. Papers must be at least two pages, double- spaced, using a maximum font size of 10 points (or Times New Roman 12 pet. ). All papers must be submitted by the beginning of class on the due date, or a grade of “F” will be given for the assignment. Spelling and grammatical errors will adversely affect the grade. Live Performance Review The subject of this review will be a live jazz performance which you have attended this semester. Eligible performances would include nightclub appearances as well as formal concerts.

The performance must be that of a jazz artist or group. Performances by blues bands or other jazz-related, but not actually jazz groups are not eligible subjects for this paper. If in doubt as to the appropriateness/eligibility of a given performance, please consult your instructor. Information concerning live jazz performances can be found at: http://www. All-Star. TV http://www. Lazar. Com http://www. Intermix. Com http://www. Jazzier. Com/article/review-4902. HTML General Information: – ask The Live Performance Review should be a minimum of two pages, thoroughly roofed, treating a live jazz performance as described above.

Be sure to describe the music in terms of the categories and musical techniques outlined in the course content In addition to whatever you feel is significant to report about your experience, you must also provide: Name of leader or ensemble Names of sidemen/group members and their instruments Name of performance venue Type of venue (nightclub, concert hall, arena, outdoor stage, etc. ) Date and time of the performance Number of sets (shows) you heard Your subjective impression of the venue and audience For at least one composition/song you heard:

Then, the influences of this policy, especially for banking industry will be addressed. In 2009, the Bank of England decided to implement the CEQ in UK as well. In this part, a brief comparison of consequences between US and UK will be addressed. The third part is relevant with Japan, which is the first country that applied CEQ policy in the world, to solve the asset bubble collapse in 2001. Finally, a brief comparison of US and Japan will be put forward and some summing-up will be argued in the conclusion. 1.

Introduction When the economy takes a downfall, the government wants the economy going again. They typically spend more money on the social project to flood the money to the market. Sometimes, it does not work, they will lower the interest rate of lending to encourage more people to borrow the money and stimulate economy. However, when the economy is hard to recover and the banks are experiencing insolvency, cannot make loans anymore, central bank and government seek to figure out another way to reverse the economy downturn.

Quantitative easing (CEQ) policy is unconventional monetary’ policy that central bank provides extra money to banks or interbrain market to achieve low and stable inflation and lower the long-term yield (Joyce, Lassos, Stevens& Tong 201 1 ). Alt usually realized by using non-existed money to arches government bonds and treasuries to directly inject the money and spur economic growth by encouraging banks to lend money. In recent years, some advanced economies like US, UK and Japan frequently adopt CEQ to increase the money and stimulate the economy.

The effectiveness is different between those countries. If the money supply increases too quickly, bad inflation will destabilize the economy further. The reason for doing CEQ policy in this project is to discuss the effectiveness of CEQ in different countries. The problem we are going to tackle is how this policy was processed and how hose follow-up impacts affect other economies. 2. CEQ Of US 2. 1 Background Global financial crisis The financial crisis of US that erupted in 2007-2008 had thrown economic around all over the world into the global economic recession.

The seed of the crisis was the lending boom of the bank due to the expansion of money base that peaked in mid-2007. The sub-prime mortgages were booming. Because of the economic turmoil, the house bubble began to collapse. And it followed by the breakdown of mortgage and securities products like COD and Mbps. The severe situation that banks had to deal with was the credit crunch. The Geiger one shows the total amount of loans issued recent years of US. There was a substantial decline of loan issued by banks during the period Of 2007-2008 (showed in figure 1).

Figure 1 Source: Fashion and Christine (2008), Bank lending during the financial crisis of 2008 During the September-November of 2008, lending was reduced by 27% compare with the prior three-month period and it was 68% lower than the peak of the credit boom of the period of March-May 2007 (Fashion and Christine 2008). The credit crunch led to the bank insolvency. Central banks began to realize policy rate decreasing and facilitate balance sheets expansion as soon as possible to support credit Of other banks after the collapse of Lehman Brothers.

Monetary Policy The Fed reserved responded the economic downturn rapidly in 2007. The Federal Reserve started CEQ policy in September 2007, the target for the federal funds rate was reduced by 50 basis points and its target for the federal funds rate was brought down by a cumulative 325 basis points by the spring of 2008 (Brenan 2012). During the crisis period, the interest rate almost has reached its limit, 0. 5%, as it was lowered by Fed Reserve through traditional monetary policy the traditional monetary policy and has a target ate for the federal funds rate of D. O to 0. 5 % (NATO 2009). However, the multiple cuts in the policy interest rate failed to stimulate the economic activities and the dysfunction of banking credit market was still serious. To provide more liquidity into the market, the US Federal Reserve announced the unconventional monetary policy intervention that purchase long-term government bonds to reduce long-term interest rates in order to spur economic activity. 2. 2 CEQ -CEQ Description The CEQ policy was used to increase the money base and stimulate the economy during the SGF. The table 1 shows the important announcement of Fed Reserve.

Table 1: Key Announcement of CEQ policy in US DATE Program event Brief description 1 1 /25/2008 CEQ FOMCL statement Lisps announced: Fed will purchase $100 billion in SSE debt and $500 billion in MBPS. 3/18/2009 L SAPS expanded: Fed will purchase $300 billion long-term Treasures and an additional $750 and $100 billion in MBPS and SSE debt, respectively. 8/1 2/2009 All purchase will finished by the end of 201 0: IQ 11/3/2010 CEQ CEQ announced: Fed will purchase $600 billion in Treasuries 6/22/201 1 CEQ finished: Treasury purchase will wrap up at the end of month, as scheduled; principal payments will continue to be reinvested. /13/2012 CEQ CEQ announced: The Fed will purchase $40 billion of MBPS per month as long as “the outlook for the labor market does not improve substantially … In the context of price stability’. 12/12/2012 CEQ expected: The Fed will continue to purchase $45 billion of long-term Treasuries per month but will no longer sterilize purchases through the sale of short-term Treasuries. Source: Leadenly (2013), US Federal Reserve System important CEQ In late November 2008, the Federal Reserve started purchasing $600 billion of mortgage securities. By March 2009, it controlled up to $1. 5 trillion of bank debt, including mortgage-backed securities, and Treasury notes, and peaked $2. 1 trillion in June 2010 (John& Ads, 201 1). To maintain high liquidity of bank, the Fed bought $30 billion in two to ten year Treasury notes every month. In November 201 0, the Fed started a second wave of quantitative easing which know as CEQ: purchasing $600 billion of Treasury securities and the principal payments will continue to be reinvested. A third round of quantitative easing “CEQ” was issued on 13 September 2012 and will last to 2015. The F-deader Reserve decided to launch a new $40 billion per month.

In addition, the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMCL) announced that the near fund rate will stay near zero at least through 2015 (Sunburn 2012). 2. 3 Regression Results and Main Findings The immediate impact of the CEQ policy should be the injection of liquidity of banks those were facing insolvency risks. There is hundreds of retail and investment banks closed and destroyed huge amount of money of private held during the SGF. Obviously, the long-term bond purchased by the central banks directly injects the money to them and improve the bank liquidity and revert the bankruptcy.

Additionally, banks could extend new credit by the process of treasury selling. On the other hand, through the purchasing of long-term bond by central bank, the price was driven up and the long-term interest rate was lowered. Figure 2 shows the 1 0-year bond yield and expected inflation rate during the period of CEQ to CEQ. Figurer ID-year bond yield and expected inflation Source: Yardmen (2014), US Monetary policy: CEQ & Market < http://wwn. yardeni. com/pub/monpolicyqe. pdf> During the CEQ period, Fed Reserve mainly purchased the short-term asset, such as SSE debt and MBPS.

The substantial increasing of money base had a big impact on the bank liquidity and expected inflation went up dramatically. In addition, market rapid reaction resulted in significant declines in long-term interest rates. Because the market had adapted to the CEQ, the yields slightly increased later may due to other economic factors. After the initial promotion of balance sheet of Fed Reserve during CEQ, the Federal Reserve stopped pursuing additional purchases in short-term asset. On the contrary, the central bank changes its policy in the CEQ period that operating the long-term asset (treasury) to prevent possible deflation.

Economist Martin Fieldstone argues that CEQ brought a rise in the stock market during the period, and it facilitated the consumption of people and superior performance of economy in late 2010 (Fieldstone 2011). On the other hand, the further decline of yield had the impact on the demand of private sector of long-term asset. Similar to CEQ, CEQ also involved the buying of MBPS. However, the initial announcement of CEQ achieved a decrease of the ID-year Treasury yield whereas CEQ achieved a 16 basis point growth (Nellie & College 2013). In sum, it seems that CEQ and CEQ did not pose direct impact on the significant reduction of the

ID-year Treasury yield. Thus, this suggested that CEQ as well as CEQ were not as effective as CEQ. By applying the quantitative easy policy in US, banks eliminated the insolvency risk and got the bailout from Fed Reserve through the direct money injection. By increasing the money base of lending, people enable to get excess credit from bank with a low lending rate and facilitate the investment activities. By pushing down longer-term yields and increase the inflation rate, the price of other assets was boosted, and the money spending was lifted.

Stronger asset price stimulates the consumption because people feel wealthier and more confident. Finally, the inflation helps the US economy by making American goods more competitive in abroad market. 2. 4 The Spillover Effect on Emerging Market According to Hudson (2010), injecting the CSS banking system with excess money will decrease the interest rates, promoting the capitalization rate of real estate rents and realize extra corporate income. This will inflate asset prices and rescue banks by pulling homeowners out of their negative equity by the process of excess wealth creation.

Although the CEQ is expansionary money policy of US, the programs have profound impact on other countries. Internationally, this policy forced foreign central banks receive less than 1% on the international reserves, while the US investors will enable do the speculative trading in foreign exchange and commodity market by borrowing “cheap dollars” to buy the government bonds from Australian, Europe and Asian, as well as corporate securities to make higher return (Hudson 2010). The worldwide concerns especially in emerging countries was regarded that there is possibilities of affecting the financial balance in them.

The most direct transmission of CEQ policy influence to Asia is via the injection of capital o them (Morgan 2011). The first stage of for the capital inflows on domestic liquidity condition is increase the base Of foreign exchange reserve. In April to September 2009, the total foreign exchange reserve of Asia emerging domestic economies boosted to 258 billion per quarter compare with the 15 billion during previous three months (Morgan 201 1). It seems a trade surplus in emerging economies. However, the depreciation of US dollar may be a source of trading loss to them that traded denominated In US dollar.

On the other hand, the excess capital inflow may arouse the credit expansion of ankhs. A lending booming could lead to an over-heating economy, which contributes to the inflationary pressure. In those emerging economies, the capability of risk analysis and risk solving of banking sectors is not complete and mature compare with developed economies. During this process, they disable to forecast the economic activities turmoil and do the corresponding adjustment. After a period of time, the threat of financial imbalance and collapse of asset price bubbles would appear which could arouse the credit crunch of banks and bankruptcy.

To cope with that, government should enhance the supervision of banking sectors, cut the domestic money base and suppress the credit growth and lending boom to prevent the over- heating economy and price bubble in time. 3. CEQ of LIKE Following the collapse of Lehman Brothers, The global financial crisis in 2008 led to central banks and government of all over the world take the measures to stabilize the economic conditions. The bank of England’s Monetary Policy Committee (MAC) is the central bank of UK. Table 2 presents the key announcement of decision on CEQ by MAC.

Tablet Key Announcement of CEQ policy in UK Announcement date Decision on CEQ February 1 1 ,2009 The February inflation report and the associated press conference gave strong indication that CEQ asset purchases were likely. March 5, 2009 The MAC announced that it would purchase EYE billion of assets over three months financed by central bank reserves, with conventional bonds likely to constitute the majority of purchases. Gilt purchases were to be restricted to bonds with a residual maturity of between five and twenty-five years.

May 7,2009 The MAC announced that the amount of CEQ asset purchases would be extended by a further EYE billion to IEEE billion. August 6, 2009 The MAC announced that the amount of CEQ assets purchases would be extended to El 75 billion and that the buying range would be extended to gilts with a residual maturity greater than three years. November 5, 2009 extended to IEEE billion. February 4, 2010 maintained at E 200 billion Source: Joyce & Lassos (2011 The Financial Market Impact of Quantitative Easing In The United Kingdom The CEQ policy was firstly adopted in March 2009.

The main activities of Bank of England was buying assets, mainly UK government bonds. The effect of these purchases was to reduce the gilt yields and to stimulate demand through a number of channels (Capitation, Mutual, Stevens & Theorists 2012). In the early times, MAC cut the bank rate in a graduate step from 5 percent at the beginning of 2008 to 0. 5 percent in March of 2009 (Joyce, Lassos, Stevens, & Tong 2011 Although Bank Rate had reached its lower bound, the effects were not so obvious. MAC felt that it was necessary to use untraditional methods to stimulate monetary conditions.

Initially, MAC decided to purchase asset, amount of EYE billion. And then this number was expanded gradually to E 125 billion in May 2009. In August 2009, this number reached to IEEE billion and to IEEE billion three months later. Finally, maintained at IEEE billion in February 2010. According to the research of Spatter (2013), it seems like that CEQ have positive but limited impact on lending growth. Figure 3 Figure 3 illustrates that the bank lending rate of I_J is not as favorable as US and Europe.

The lending growth of UK after 2009 was negative which means that the lending volume of UK between 2009 and 2011 decreased continuously. Credit squeeze of UK banks indicated the risk of bank insolvency. On the other hand, the small banks being the most affected because of certain degree of heterogeneity (Spatter 2013). This may be a good improvement as it may eliminate the gap between large and small ankhs in the lending market. However, the major banks need to take main responsibility to stimulate the economy.

In particular, if CEQ does not work in stimulating lending growth on large major banks, it is cannot spur the lending of whole market. One possible measure could be purchasing more asset and inject more money into the banking system in order to boost lending. An alternative could be enhancing the capitalization of the banking system which probably help to realize effectiveness of CEQ program. Figure 4 10-year government bond yield Except bank lending reduction, other index also reflected that CEQ policy of UK s not effective compare with US and Europe.

According to figure 4, we noticed that during the year of 2009 and 2011 after financial crisis, the ten- year bond yield of UK was not lowered as much as CSS and Germany Figure 5 Real GAP levels Because of ineffectiveness of quantitative easing policy, the recovery of GAP level of UK took more time compare with US after financial crisis. Figure 5 shows that the growth Of GAP Of UK lags behind US and Europe. However the effect of CEQ is not as favorable as US, there are still some positive effect on growth of GAP and inflation. 4. CEQ of Japan 4. 1 Backgrounds

Quantitative Easing monetary policy was used in Japan for three times historically: CEQ, CEQ and CEQ. CEQ is an unprecedented monetary policy experiment in world in 2001. Before CEQ, Japan’s economics was not optimistic and favorable. According to Hutchison (2000), during sass, Japan’s economics had numerous issues such as unemployment, deflation and so on. According to figure 6, the inflation rate during this period is extremely low and reached the minor number in 1999. Asian financial crisis just ended in 1998, the market required an inflation of economy to resist the economic recession.

Figure Japan inflation rate Figure 7: Short-term interest rate in Japan Source < http://vmw. frbsf. org/economic-research/fiIes/e12DOO-1 9a. pdf Before 2001, government of Japan had adopted some measure to stimulate their economy by using Zero interest policy (showed in figure 7). However, it did not work. The serious deflation problems required active management of monetary matters of Japanese government. 4. 2 QEI In March of 2001 quantitative easing monetary policy was firstly implemented in Japan. The current account balances (CABs) became the operating instrument of Japanese monetary policy (Rixtel 2009).

The initial target for CABs was 5 trillion yen, and this target was enhanced seven times, reached a target which range of 30-35 trillion yen in January 2004 ( Riesel 2009). And, it started with buying long-term Japanese government bonds to 400 billion yen per month (Riesel 2009). Figure 8 shows the implementation of CEQ . Figure 8 Composition Asset Balance Sheet Bank of Japan Figure 8 shows the stable increasing in the amount of government bond and securities of Japan during 2001 and 2006. In the mean time, the amounts of bills purchased by the bank of Japan began to rise at a much faster pace as ell.

The long-term Japanese government bonds purchasing could arouse a large scale of increment long-term assets that would remain for a long-term balance sheet of bank. The increasing purchasing of government bond and securities of banks of Japan enable the activity of interbrain money market. During this process, the size and function of interbrain money market was gradually recovered. Institutionalized call market was especially successful so that the call rate had become the new operating target rate of CEQ policy after the end of CEQ, from the outstanding balance of current accounts (Riesel 2009).

Beside, the excess reserves would stimulate lending which enable the banks inject the money into market. Figure 9 Although the money has been increased, the deflation problem was still there. Figure 9 illustrates the inflation rate during the CEQ period. It is obvious that the inflation rate still maintained in an extremely low level between 2001 and 2006. Although it slightly rebounded in 2005, the substantial drop incurred after that. Current balance sheet had increased, however Japan still cannot eliminate deflation.

Because of its ineffectiveness, the CEQ policy was ended in 2006. The reasons of failing to eliminate deflation are various. The most important fact may be the aftermath of large price bubbles in both equities and real estate in sass. Insolvent companies cannot pay the loans from banks. Banks decided to delay to collect on the collateral, hoping asset prices would improve. However, the price did not go up, a lot of performing loans dragged banks in to insolvency. Until the values of assets are completely recovered, it will continue to be a deflationary force in the economy.

On the other hand, after price bubbles, Japanese people preferred to buy and sell gold or treasury bond rather than put the money in banks because they were afraid of bankruptcy. Some people hold that the Bank of Japan gave up this policy too soon. When it started being effective in 2006, the government just decided to drop it (Hashish 2010). Other people believed that the government implemented this policy too late. Before 2001, there were no effective policies to deal with deflation, Japan lost big in 1 9905.

Tomboy Mason (Portfolio Manager in PIMPS) indicated that earlier to use CEQ policy, the more effective it would be (Hashish 2010). 4. 3 CEQ Because of the worldwide impact of financial crisis of US that erupted in 2007-2008, Japan was affected and was dragged into the global economic secession. The price increased rapidly and the nominal GAP growth rapidly, however, the real GAP did not improve too much (Kiowa & Taking 2009). From figure 1 0, we can clearly see that because of the terrible impact of SGF, the growth rate of exports, investments, and consumption and also GAP dropped substantially after 2008.

Figure 10: Growth Rates of GAP and Its Components The decline of private consumption indicated that Japan would experience more severe deflation. In response to that, Bank of Japan decided to follow US, reuse CEQ to stimulate market and economy. According to Bremen (2012), Bank of Japan policy toolkit was expanded to outright PU researches of corporate bonds and commercial papers, expansion of outright purchases of Jobs, a fund provisioning measure to support growth and fixed rate fund supplying operations.

In this stage, government and Bank of Japan used diversified ways to rescue economy, not only just buy and sell government bonds and treasury. Therefore, the increasing of current account balance was not notable compare with pre-2006(see figure 11). Figure 1 1 Current Account Balance at Bank of Japan Figure 12 shows the inflation expectation after 2008 of Japan. Inflation expectations in Japan appear to have a positive growth after 2008. At the end of period of CEQ, the inflation rate would be almost 1. 5 percent. This is a significant decline in inflation expectation compare with US.

However, in fact, that inflation expectation recently appears to have gone up sign efficiently above their historical average (Annotated, & Lie, 2013). This change indicated that the extra unexpected inflation may enable banks gain excess credibility. In addition, it illustrates that CEQ policies can play a good role in market on inflation and banking credit crunch if government and central banks could cake a set a realistic goal and sufficiently committed to achieving their goal. Figure 12 Inflation Expectations in Japan The result of CEQ was better than CEQ .

Many of the citizens, in the defeated countries, were very hateful to their new foreign ruler Many Europeans resented Napoleon for many different reasons. Christopher Appalachia a citizen of Spain said, “l hate how the French try to throw their culture on us an d make us try to forget our own”. “The Continental System was placed upon us by Napoleon soon after his faille d attempt to invade Britain”, said British sailor John Churchill. The Continental System w as a law in which Napoleon blockaded the ports of Britain so there wouldn’t be any co amerce.

The main reason for this was when the smaller British Royal Navy destroyed t he French Navy, which caused Napoleon to wage Economic Warfare against Britain. Nationalism, one of the greatest things to ever happen. It is one of the major reasons for my many victories”, said Napoleon. Even though nationalism was great of r the French it was also the reason for many of the rebellions inside Napoleon’s Me peeler. In the countries of Spain and Austria there was much rebellion against the Free inch.

Nationalism was the main cause for this since many citizens had pride in their countries and wanted to free themselves from Napoleon. In Spain the battles were tough since the Spaniards were conducting a campaign gnu of Guerrilla warfare which were hit and run tactics. This caused many casualties or the French Government, this caused Napoleon to leave more troops there then in tended. The Austrian at the time had been defeated by the French more than once. T his was why the rebelled they wanted revenge after their catastrophic defeat. We we re angry since we had lost a battle when we had more men and fire power so obvious y we wanted revenge”, said the former king of Austria. Once an ally of France, Russia withdrew from the alliance when Napoleon kneel argued the Grand Duchy of Warsaw which bordered Russia to the West. “l was outraged when I discovered of Napoleon’s great greed for Russian land”, said Alexander L The Tsar and Napoleon originally decided to divide Europe if the Russians hell peed with the continental system.

At first the Russians seemed fine with it but when it SST rated to affect their own economy they were more hesitant. This and the enlarging of the Grand Duchy of Warsaw were two of the many contributions for the Russian’s withdrew awl. Napoleon’s response to this was for him to call for an army from 20 different nations, this army was to be called the Grand Army. The Grand Army consisted of 600, 000 soldiers and 50,000 horses this huge army was the invasion force.

His scientific innovations like the atomic bomb, and the formula E = runic, revolutionized war and physics and made him one of the most influential people of his time. The theories of relativity opened many doors in the fields of physics, and his scientific discoveries set the foundation for innovative advancements throughout the 20th century. On top of his magnificent endeavors, he managed to cope many difficulties in his childhood, such as: bad grades, difficulty learning to talk and social conflicts with those around him.

His success in overcoming his misfortunes conditions sets an inspirational example on how to overcome obstacles. Thus, Albert Einstein is a stellar model of what it means to be influential and deserves the title of one of the Time’s 1 00 most influential people. Life was not easy for Einstein in Germany, in the years that he lived there he faced several academic and social obstacles. In his childhood, Einstein parents “worried about him when he was slow learning to talk, failed to play with other boys and did poorly in school. ” (Bolton 176).

Einstein religion was also a problem, “Since Einstein was Jewish, his situation in Germany became precarious when Hitler rose to power. In 1933, he moved o Princeton, New Jersey, to work at the Institute for Advanced Study. ” (Hart 88). Einstein religion was a big reason for his move to America, but religion overall branded Einstein as controversial scientist; “no modern scientists except Darwin has ever engendered as much controversy as Einstein. When he left Germany, it is said that the Nazi party burned copies of his books in public areas. (Hart 88). In the end, it seems as if Albert Einstein never let the hardships he faced as a child get in the way of his success, because as Einstein grew older, it became more and more clear that he could always erupts his most previous achievement. He established him-self as a scientist at a very young age, “As boy, he continued to read books about mathematics and taught himself differential and integral calculus. He also read, ‘With Breathless Attention,’ a six-volume work that summarized scientific discoveries up to that time.

He was sure by the time he was fifteen that he wanted to specialize in mathematics and physics. ” (Bolton 177). He showed sparks of genius throughout his childhood, and “by the age of sixteen he had already mastered calculus. ” (Byers 228). It wasn’t until his adulthood when Einstein became a known scientist, “he received his Ph. D. In 1905 from the University of Zurich, that same year he published his papers on special relativity, on the photoelectric effect, and on the theory of Brownian motion. ” (Hart 88).

These papers established his status as a scientist. “The theory of relativity is characterized by its influence not merely on separate cultural fields – economics, education, literature, art, etc. – but also on the common transformation of all these fields. ” (Boris Sonnets 167). “The theory of relativity has led to the very energetic emergence of physical constants and incepts in mechanics. Later, with relativistic cosmology, physics went into astronomy and in the framework of the quantum theory of the atom, into chemistry and biology.

Physics has even entered into Mathematics. ” (Boris Sonnets 181-182). The theories of relativity changed the perspective that scientists had on the universe forever, and that outlook that Einstein created is still present today. In his lifetime, Albert Einstein achieved many scientific wonders and devised several genius principles in the field of physics. Einstein is famously known for his theories of relativity and his equation Of E = Mac, In which E represents energy, M equals mass, and c represents the speed of light.

One of the conclusions of Einstein theory’ of relativity is that matter and energy are in a certain sense equivalent, and the relation between them is given by the formula E = Mac. ” (Hart 88). Einstein formula revolutionized engineering and quantum physics. He opened the door to concepts that previously perplexed physicists, it is said that: “Fellow physicists were always struck with Einstein uncanny ability to penetrate to the heart of a complex problem, to instantly see the physical significance of a complex mathematical exult. (Byers 231 Previously to Einstein theory, “most people had always believed that behind these subjective impressions were real distances and an absolute time, which accurate instruments could measure objectively. ” (Hart 83). The formula paved the way for perhaps the most potent invention of all time; the Atomic Bomb. Naturally, it’s impossible to build a bomb or nuclear power plant simply from a formula, but Einstein work was unquestionably pivotal in the development of atomic energy.

But in the end, “it was Einstein letter to President Roosevelt, in 1 939, pointing out the possibility of evildoing atomic weapons and stressing the importance of the united States developing such weapons before the Germans. ” (Hart 84). The advance in nuclear energy from the United States was crucial in the Second World War. The actual use of the atomic bomb decided the eventual outcome of the war and defined the true military power that United States possessed at the time.

Albert Einstein influence on the most powerful invention of all time just happened to be the decisive factor in the most significant chapter of our world’s history. Einstein was eventually awarded with the Nobel peace Prize in hicks, “primarily for his paper explaining the photoelectric effect, an important phenomenon that had previously puzzled physicists. Not only did his photoelectric law turn out to have important practical applications, but his hypothesis of the proton had a major influence on the development of the quantum theory, and is today an integral part of that theory. (Hart 85-87). The award officially branded him as the brilliant scientist that his peers already knew he was. Einstein theories are extremely complex, and could only be understood by other scientists of his stature. Contrary to widespread life, there are actually novo separate theories of relativity instead of just one. “The two theories were the General theory of relativity and the Special Theory of relativity. ” (Hart 84-85). The impact of Einstein theories and equations is almost as powerful as the theories themselves.

He alone proposed, tested, and then verified complicated concepts that physicists would have most likely not discovered until years later. Perhaps his most striking theory is the suggestion that space itself was curved, “Einstein not only advanced such a theory, but he had put it in a clear mathematical form, from which explicit reductions could be made and his hypothesis tested. Subsequent observation – the most celebrated of which are those made during total eclipses of the sun – have repeatedly confirmed the Correctness Of Einstein equations. ” (Hart 84-85).

The fact that Einstein was able to devise such a concept and also to prove it, highlights his brilliance as a scientist. The theories of relativity, which supported Einstein claim of the curvature found in space, also provoked heated controversy. Nonetheless, everyone was agreed that; “the concept was the most mind-boggling scientific theory that loud ever be invented. ” (Hart 84). Albert Einstein defined the twentieth century with his involvement in the making of the Atomic Bomb, the creating of the mathematical formula for energy, and the eye opening theories of relativity.

Presentation: form of presentation, handouts and level of presentation Resources available: amount of data and information that is required to present I simply affected by the resources we have available 2. What are the three major resource constraints that may be placed by budgets? Briefly explain each constraint. Scope: The scope has to be set how wide the information is going to be – depending on the coverage of the topics. When defining the scope of the information required it will allow you to set the amount of data we need to gain and the amount of processing that might be required. Time:

The time depends on the project – the wider it is the more time it takes to work through the resources. The money that we get to finish this project also affects this. So when the budget is not that high, we won’t be able to spend much time for it. Expertise: The expertise is affected by the money we have. A hired specialist for a project cost money and if the budget is not enough for someone to assist us we need to research and study the topic to help ourselves. The disadvantage of not having an expert is that it could affect the results, as it might not be that accurate without having the 100% knowledge about it. 3.

Information for management decision-making comes from two different sources. What are they? Explain each source. Information for management decision-making can come from either internal or external sources. Internal sources are giving us information, which was obtained within an organization by our employees and the relative database management Systems. External sources come from outside an organization that can be statistical information centre, industries, government, suppliers or general organizations. Those sources can have disadvantages though as they could slightly differ from the specific information we are looking for. Name two disadvantages of internal sources. When using internal data from our accounting and management information systems, it can have disadvantages: The first disadvantage is that when we are using that gathered information is, that the systems are made to satisfy many different information needs – so this means the data can be too rigid and may be inappropriate for the decision we have to make. The second disadvantage is that we could have a problem in regards to accuracy. For example sales reps can be exaggerate wit their activities. So this leads to a problem when we have to analyses the data. . Name a few questions that should be considered when deciding if the information for decision-making is relevant? Who? (Applies to the agency that is collecting the data for us. Will their work be honest? ) Why? (Why was a particular piece of data collected? This reveals the intentions and motives behind information being created) How? (How did we do the research? What methods were used? ) What? (It is important to determine whether the information gathered is difficult to use or inadequate for our needs) ELEMENT 2: ANALYSES INFORMATION AND KNOWLEDGE 6.

Name FIVE forms of reporting information and briefly explain each form. Statistical information: generated by using statistical computerized applications such as SPAS. In most cases the result is put in numbers or a table (or chart, graph). Graphical information: giving a very good overview of data using a chart, graph, diagram, tables or others. Easy to look at and giving us a quick understanding. Computer generated spread sheets: allows complex calculations to be shown in an easy way. A printed form offers a good overview of the data.

They are very flexible as they can be produce graphs and tables – and are also easy to create. Database reports: we can gain powerful information from database reports. Large databases can be complicated to produce and use. Nevertheless it is customizable and gives flexibility. Data given can be presented professionally or online via intranet. Word-processed information: the word processed information is the most useful to managers and the ones who produce the information because the output from any above mentioned application can be integrated into the report.

You can either print it or send it electronically via email. 7. Provide a few examples of the requirements that need to be met when documenting a report. Briefly explain each requirement. Conciseness: Every report that is produced needs to provide information in a concise manner. Concise presentations lead to concise writing and information that is simple to understand and gets to the important points quickly. Accuracy: When giving information accuracy is very important. Just if the data source is accurate with the information we need, then we can make sure the results we are getting and presenting is usable.

If it is not we need to change for another data source. Implications needed: When presenting data it is (sometimes) useful to comment where and how this data was being gathered and any limitations of the data. You can interpret the results to make sure there is a better understanding of the results. 8. What are the three main processes used to transform raw data into meaningful information? Explain each process. Summarizing: transforming a huge load of data into a summarized information Sorting: taking data and attempting to put it into some form of pattern.

Sorting can be done in tables or charts Formulate: application of a particular formula set of data. This results in new data being generated where before there wasn’t present. E. G. Monthly sales figure to get the annual figures. 9. Explain the term correlation and give it an example to explain its usefulness. Term correlation belongs to the most useful statistics. With one single figure we can describe a degree of a relationship between two variables. E. G. Within an organization we have money spend for advertising (X) and sales (Y).

With the Excel-sorrel function we are able to distinguish if the marketing activities had a positive impact on the sales or not. (pictures: www. Excel-easy. Com) A correlation coefficient of +1 indicates a perfect positive correlation. As variable X (advertising) increases, variable Y (sales) increases. As variable X decreases, variable Y decreases. A correlation coefficient of -1 indicates a perfect negative correlation. As variable X (advertising) increases, variable Z (sales) decreases. As variable X (advertising) decreases, variable Z (sales) increases. That’s means that the marketing doesn’t have any impact on our sales at all and we loose our money by spending it for useless marketing activities. ELEMENT 3: TAKE DECISIONS ON BUSINESS ISSUES IDENTIFIED 10. What is decision-making? Decision-making is the study to choose and identify alternatives. Every time when there is a decision to make there should be at least two alternatives strategies that also could be used. By studying and identifying the as many alternatives as possible we can decide which one is the best we can choose and therefore we are placing ourselves in the best position possible when making the informed decision. 1 . What are the five environmental variables that affect business decision- making? 1 . Information 2. Data 3. Alternatives for problem solving 4. Preferences 5. Policies and procedures 12. Name four strategies that help business decision-making? Briefly explain each. Optimizing: involves choosing the best strategy to resolve the problem. Also requires an extensive range of alternatives to be effective. Satisfying: involves choosing the most satisfactory decision than choosing the best alternative. Does not require much thinking and can be decided quickly.

Maxima: maximizing the maximum. Involves choosing alternatives, which allows getting the best possible result. Should be a decision with the highest value to the company regardless of the risks that are connected to it. Maxim: maximize the minimum. Involves attempting to reduce the connected risks with a special option and tying to choose the one option which will have the smallest amount of problems, regardless if the that plan ill have a positive effect. 13. What are some of the major tools that can be used to make effective decisions?

There are different methods for decision-making: 1. Decision by authority: the leader will make all decisions without anybody else’s opinion 2. Expert Opinion: asking someone with a considerable knowledge to make a decision on behalf of a group 3. Considering Individual opinions: ask every individuals opinion and find a solution suiting the middle of all opinions 4. Team leader makes decision after discussion: team leaders first have a discussion with and listens to the individuals opinion and afterwards they make their decision 5.

This intent can be established either through the SE of a statement made by the defendant demonstrating this intent, or by the defendant’s conduct. In particular, if the defendant uses a deadly weapon in a manner suggesting the defendant intended to kill the victim, the law will infer the defendant acted with the intent to kill. Here, Deft drew a gun and shot Kyle in the chest. This provides adequate support to establish Deft intended to kill Kyle and the required malice is present. Justification: If evidence exists to justify the defendant’s acts, the killing will not be considered murder or any crime at all.

An intentional killing can be justified if the defendant acts in self-defense. Self-defense: To assert this doctrine, the use of self-defense must be both necessary to avoid an imminent deadly attack and the force used must be both necessary and reasonable to avoid that deadly attack. No force can be used merely in retaliation or for revenge. Was it necessary and reasonable the use of deadly force? Deft shot Kyle after confronting Kyle and accusing him of killing Debt’s son. Deft then saw Kyle reach into his jacket pocket. In fact, there was no deadly attack on Deft that was imminent.

However, it could have reasonably appeared to Deft that Kyle was about to pull out a gun and shoot him. A party claiming self-defense is entitled to make a reasonable mistake as to the need to use deadly force. Alternatively, Deft may not have feared an attack but instead have acted to avenge the killing of his child. If Deft acted out of revenge rather than fear, a self-defense claim cannot be sustained. Imperfect self-defense: If a defendant kills honestly but unreasonably believing that the use of deadly force is necessary in self-defense, the so-called imperfect self- defense doctrine applies.

Under this doctrine, the defendants criminal liability will be reduced to voluntary manslaughter, rather than murder. Assuming Deft honestly believed that Kyle was about to pull out a weapon and shoot him, then deadly force was necessary to prevent Kyle from killing him; the charge would be voluntary manslaughter rather than murder. Mitigation heat of passion: A charge of voluntary manslaughter rather than murder is proper when the defendant kills in the heat Of passion. This mitigating circumstance occurs only if the facts show that four requirements are met: Reasonable provocation

The defendant was in fact provoked A reasonable person would not have cooled off before killing The defendant must not in fact have cooled off. Here, it is reasonable for a parent to become angry enough to kill when a child is taken from them by violence. The question is whether a reasonable person would still be angry enough to kill one year after the murder of their child. Even if a reasonable person may have come to terms after a year with the sudden loss of a child from a violent act, the anger could reasonably have been rekindled during a subsequent confrontation and heated argument with the killer.

Since insults and angry words were exchanged, the argument with Kyle may have caused Debt’s to become angry enough to kill. A charge of manslaughter against Deft should be sustained unless his self-defense. Degree of murder At common law there were no degrees of murder. By statute today, all jurisdictions divide murder by degree. In most states, there are at least two degrees of murder. First degree murder requires either a finding of intent to kill malice with premeditation and deliberation, or a finding of malice based on the Felony Murder Rule and the underlying felony is one that is specified y statute as eligible for first degree murder.

All other murder is second degree murder. In this situation, there is intent to kill. There is no underlying felony, so the Felony Murder Rule does not apply to this case. Therefore Deft can be convicted of first degree murder only if there is evidence of both premeditation and deliberation. First Degree Murder Premeditation Premeditation exists if the killing occurs after defendant thought about the act of killing the victim, turning it over in his mind or giving it a second thought, even if only briefly a prior reflection. Many facts support a finding hat Deft premeditated the killing of Kyle.

Deft vowed to find the killer and see that justice was done. He searched for the killer for several months and once he found the supposed killer of his child, carried a loaded, concealed weapon to confront the supposed killer. Deft then traded insults for several minutes before drawing his gun and shooting Kyle in the chest. It is reasonable to conclude that all these planning and waiting facts demonstrate that Deft thought about killing Kyle and had a prior reflection. Therefore, Deft acted with premeditation. First Degree Murder Deliberation

Deliberation requires acting with a cool mind, as opposed to suddenly and impulsively. At some point during the year, Deft likely had a cool mind. He had plenty of time to cool off since Deft shot Kyle a year after the death of his son. However, Deft would argue that he became angry during the heated exchange of words and insults with Kyle. Although Deft may have had a cool mind while he searched and waited, the defense may claim that when Deft saw Kyle reach for a possible weapon after a heated argument with him, Deft had to act suddenly and impulsively while angry and impassioned.

If so, Deft did not act with sufficient deliberation and cannot be charged with first degree murder. Instead, a charge of second degree murder would be proper. On the other hand, the prosecutor would argue that Debt’s act was not sudden or impulsive. Rather, Deft carefully planned the murder of his son’s killer. Without provocation, upon identifying Kyle, Deft immediately showed Kyle the dead child’s photo and called Kyle a low-life scum, then yelled at Kyle and insulted him further, all for the purpose of enraging Kyle and inducing Kyle to attempt an assault on Deft.

Although the facts tell us that the exchange was heated, the prosecution will claim that Debt’s act was well- thought-out and carried out with a cool mind, even though aspects of his demeanor appeared heated. C] Based on the prosecution’s arguments, reasonable evidence exists that Debt’s killing of Kyle was both premeditated and deliberate. Deft can reasonably be charged with first degree murder Murder charges against Len Len may also be found guilty of murder if his acts are sufficient to show he caused Kyle’s death and acted with malice.

Homicide: The homicide element s met if the defendant is both an actual and proximate cause of death. Len will argue that Deft acted alone when he shot and killed Kyle. However, Len wrote the note hoping that Deft would act on the letter and give Kyle a beating. Deft may not have ever found Kyle but for Lens’s letter. Moreover it is foreseeable that someone who has publicly vowed to see that justice was done might use deadly force to avenge a child’s death. There are sufficient facts to assert that Len is an actual and proximate cause Of Kyle’s death.

Malice: Len did not intend Kyle’s death, but the malice for murder can be established in other ways. Malice will also exist if the defendant intends to cause great bodily harm. Here, Len intended to cause Deft to confront Kyle and give Kyle a serious beating. A serious beating would constitute the great bodily harm required for malice. In addition, Len may have committed an act sufficient for depraved heart murder. Len provided Deft with the location of the man Deft was searching for. Len hoped and probably knew that Deft would use deadly force to capture Kyle or avenge his child’s death. The murder charge against Len is proper.

Build did complete half of the construction; Homer will probably be entitled to damages amounting to the value Of his work. Anticipatory Repudiation Occurs when a party unequivocally repudiates his duty to perform, before the performance is due. Performance was due by December 1, and Build walked off the job on November 1, telling Homer “the job is not going to be profitable” and “besides the trout are biting at Clear Lake. ” The facts show that Build has repudiated by walking off the job. Damages If a breach is considered material, the breach recipient can cancel the contract and sue for damages.

However, there must actually be damages before such relief can be granted. Damages in a contract case are generally determined by examining a party’s expectation interest. That is, the breach recipient is entitled to damages measured by how much in money damages would be required to put the party in the same position as if the contract had been properly performed. Homer has no damages unless the costs and expenses to complete the cabin will exceed the original contract price $200,000) Homer expected to pay.

Cost of Completion Homers cost to complete construction was $110,000. In addition, he will also have a $20,000 cost to replace the fireplaces. A party is required to mitigate damages, but the law only requires reasonable efforts to mitigate. Assuming the parole evidence rule does not bar admission of Homer’s testimony regarding an oral understanding that the floor and window coverings were part of the contract, Homer could also add an additional $1 5,000 for the extra cost he must now incur for these items. Parole

Evidence Rule: The purpose of a contract is to establish the agreement that the parties have made and to fix their rights and duties in accordance with that agreement. The courts must enforce a valid contract as it is made, unless there are grounds that bar its enforcement. The courts may not create a contract for the parties. When the parties have no express or implied agreement on the essential terms of a contract, there is no contract. Courts are only empowered to enforce contracts, not to write them, for the parties. A contract, in order to be enforceable, must be a valid.

The function of the court is to enforce agreements only if they exist and not to create them through the imposition of such terms as the court considers reasonable. Homer could also recover some damages for the delay and inconvenience caused by Ballad’s breach, plus any consequential damages ($1 ,OHO) for having to rent another cabin, assuming Build was aware or had reason to foresee that Homer might have to rent another cabin if Build failed to complete on time. Even with all these items added together, the extra costs incurred as a result f the breach are not in excess of $200,000.

Homer would not be entitled to any damages from Build. Ballad’s Recovery Traditional rule: Under the traditional and still majority view, the court will not grant any recovery to a party who has committed a willful breach Of contract. Damages are not available, unless the other party has also breached. Quasi-contract recovery is also not available under the theory that the willful breach or should not benefit as a result a voluntary decision to breach. Minority Rule Under the minority view adopted by a growing number of states, the reaching party may be entitled to restitution recovery in quasi-contract.

Under this rule, Build may recover in quasi-contract/restitution for value of benefit conferred on Homer less any damages caused by breach. Damages The damages caused by Ballad’s breach include the $20,000 for the fireplace work plus some reasonable amount for the two months of delay. There would also be a $1 5,000 deduction from Ballad’s recovery for the cost of the floor and window covering, but only if the evidence or the oral agreement is admissible under the parole evidence rule.

Under the parole evidence rule, evidence of any prior or contemporaneous agreements are not admissible to contradict a material term of a final completely integrated written agreement since it covered all stages of construction. However, it failed to mention the floor and window coverings. On this basis, it could be deemed an incomplete agreement and permit parole evidence to supplement the terms of the written contract. If so, the oral agreement is admissible as proof that the window and floor coverings were intended to be included as part of $200,000 agreement.

Considering she had past conflicts with nine other guests in the island, there was no question as to why someone would have murdered her but to who would have had the courage to do so? The most obvious suspects in committing such a crime are; a jealous wife, Christine Redefine and a neglected stepdaughter Linda Marshall. They have a motive to work together as they cannot accept the fact that Arlene was able to play with the men of their lives emotions and be such a cruel stepmother and the only way to stop that is murder.

Outrageously flirting in front of many eyes including Relearns stepdaughter and Patriot’s wife, there was no question why jealousy and hatred could be a powerful motive that could have ended Relearns life. Lured by the beauty that the glamorous Arlene had, it was no surprise that any men including Patrick Redefine would have the guts to cheat on their partners. Watching a woman take the man you love away from you or a cruel stepmother with another guy instead of your father is something Christine and Linda experienced.

Ever since Kenneth Marshall married Arlene, Linda never agreed nor accepted her as a mother. She hated Arlene for she treated her as a child and never respected her for one minute. She felt neglected and even her fathers attention was taken away from her and watching Arlene flirt with another guy in front of her eyes was definitely unacceptable. Christine on the other hand who everyone felt sorry for was a victim of painful love. Who would want to see the betrayal Of the person they vowed their love for, to turn everything around In a glimpse of an eye?

Christine would not let their marriage fall apart even if it means getting rid of the person bothering them. Although many see Linda as a young innocent 1 year girl and Christine as a weak and helpless wife, they have many reasons to commit a crime that most will not accuse them of doing. During the day of the crime, both Christine and Linda were out in Gull Cove spending time together around 10:30 in the morning. While both used their time to get to know each other, they came to realize Arlene was alone on a short trip to Pixie Cove.

Expected, that Arlene would meet Patrick alone in the island, Christine may have thought of preventing another heartache; leading her to conclude the end of Relearns sin. Wisely mentioning it’s time for her Tennis Practice” at noon giving a cue to head to Arlene while trying to cover their plan, Linda swims to Pixie Cove while Christine crosses the bridge to get there. Along the bridge where Relearns eyes aught Christine heading towards her gave Linda the opportunity to sneak behind her as Christine distracted her from her surroundings given the means of committing the crime scene.

After Patrick and Emily discovered the dead body of Arlene who was declared dead at noon, alibis were collected including Land’s who falsely claimed that she admired stepmother to hide the guilt and spending time with Christine until 1 1:45. On the other hand, Christine declares she had a Tennis Practice at the time of crime. Confirmed that Arlene was strangled while sunbathing, there was no question that Christine and Linda could have done the crime for they were near Pixie Cove when the scene happened; not to mention Linda was caught swimming in the water by Miss Brewster.